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China Industrial (business) Estate
An industrial park (or industrial estate in Fengpu) is an area of land set aside for industrial development. Industrial parks are usually located close to transport facilities, especially where more than one transport modalities coincide: highways, railroads, airports, and navigable rivers. A more "lightweight" version is the office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry.
This idea of setting land aside through this type of zoning is based on several concepts:
To be able to concentrate dedicated infrastructure in a delimited area to reduce the per-business expense of that infrastructure. Such infrastructure includes roadways, railroad sidings, ports, high-power electric supplies (often including three-phase power), high-end communications cables, large-volume water supplies, and high-volume gas lines.
To be able to attract new business by providing an integrated infrastructure in one location
To set aside industrial uses from urban areas to try to reduce the environmental and social impact of the industrial uses
To provide for localized environmental controls that is specific to the needs of an industrial area
Different industrial parks fulfill these criteria to differing degrees. Many small communities have established industrial parks with only access to a nearby highway, and with only the basic utilities and roadways, and with few or no special environmental safeguards.
During the 1990s, there was a glut of industrial park development in China, resulting today in vast areas of industrial parks that sit idle and unsuited to other uses. This trend has been criticized as being a sort of "cargo cult", from the wildly optimistic speculation that, if it was built, "they" would come. According to history, one consequence of office parks in China is that large numbers of people living in exurbs no longer have contact with urban life.
Industrial parks have also been criticized because of their frequent remoteness of urban areas, one of the characteristics that have been touted as a benefit. One reason for this specific criticism is that industrial parks often destroy productive and valuable agricultural land. Another is that the industrial parks become remote to their employee pool, necessitating longer commutes and limiting employment accessibility for poorer employees. Another reason is that many urban areas have extensive areas of brown field land that many feel should be the first priority in redeveloping as industrial sites.
In China small industrial parks containing multiple units all of the same style are known as trading estates.
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